Authors: Chen Taotao, Fan Jiwei, Lin Yihang, Rong Yu, Feng Jian, Qiao Ziyi, An Haozhen, Song Qing

Preface

In 2025, the China-Latin America Youth Responding to Global Challenges – 2025 Poverty Alleviation challenge was successfully hosted by Tsinghua University in collaboration with the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, University of Chile, Universidad del Pacífico (Peru), Minmetals Peru Bambas Company, and other institutions. The program aims to build a cross-cultural communication bridge and stimulate innovative thinking and practical potential among Chinese and Latin American youth in the field of poverty alleviation.

In January 2026, outstanding Latin American youth selected from the 2025 Poverty Alleviation Challenge visited China for in-depth activities including academic exchanges, field investigations, and cultural experiences. During this period, the Tsinghua University Latin America Center, together with the Tsinghua University Rural Revitalization Workstation, organized 32 Latin American youth and about 60 Tsinghua students to form three mixed Chinese-Latin American teams, which went to three poverty alleviation demonstration sites: Nanjian (Yunnan), Gaochun (Jiangsu), and Cili (Hunan) for in-depth study. To systematically present the research results, we will launch a series of poverty alleviation case studies on the above three places. This paper focuses on Gaochun, Jiangsu – the learning base of the China-Chile team – and deeply analyzes its poverty alleviation practice from the "periphery" of geographical location to the "frontier" of development.

 

Gaochun District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province is located at the southernmost tip of Nanjing, on the border of Jiangsu and Anhui. It is a famous "International Slow City" and a national demonstration zone for ecological civilization construction. It boasts high-quality water systems such as Gucheng Lake and Shijiu Lake, with a beautiful ecological environment. It is famous for producing high-quality Chinese mitten crabs and known as the "Back Garden of Nanjing". However, beneath the beautiful ecological halo, Gaochun has long been trapped in a relative poverty pattern intertwined with geographical marginalization and underdevelopment. Its poverty alleviation journey is a typical struggle sample moving from "periphery" to "frontier".

Before the implementation of the poverty alleviation project, Gaochun District faced the severe challenge of the coexistence of rural low-income groups and economically weak villages. As a "dead-end" in transportation, it once suffered from insufficient infrastructure construction, with intertwined hills and water networks inside, leading to blocked roads and difficult cargo transportation; strict ecological protection requirements also hindered industrial development, resulting in a single industrial structure; coupled with the aging population in the area, some families faced the dual dilemma of sudden income reduction and high expenditure due to illness or disability, breaking through the originally fragile economic bottom line. Poverty and return to poverty due to illness became a typical poverty-causing path locally. In terms of the scale of poverty, during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, there were 16,656 city-standard registered poor households in the district, accounting for 21.5% of the total registered poor population in Nanjing; there were 64 city-standard economically weak villages and 32 more weak villages, accounting for 45.7% and 24.6% of the city's total respectively. Among them, Zhuanqiang and Yangjiang towns were designated as the underdeveloped areas in the southwest of Nanjing, accounting for 28.5% of the city's three underdeveloped towns and sub-districts. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period, there were still 22 key assisted villages at the municipal level in the district, accounting for 36.7% of the city's key assisted villages.

To solve these poverty problems, Gaochun District has built an interlocking and progressive comprehensive governance plan. First, large-scale transportation infrastructure construction was carried out to break physical isolation and lay the foundation for development; then, relying on local resource endowments, it promoted the upgrading of characteristic industries to an organized, park-based and digitalized whole industrial chain to foster endogenous power; finally, through the construction of a diversified assistance system supported by "basic security, empowerment and development", it prevented the risk of returning to poverty and ensured long-term income growth. A series of measures have successfully achieved a fundamental transformation from coping with poverty to solving poverty locally, providing useful practical experience for local poverty alleviation and rural revitalization.

Next, this paper will focus on four core poverty alleviation areas: transportation infrastructure, crab breeding industry, cultural tourism industry, and diversified assistance system. Using the "5W1H+" poverty alleviation toolbox as the analysis framework, it will elaborate and analyze the specific content of this case from four levels: "poverty scenario", "cause analysis", "poverty alleviation plan and implementation analysis" and "project effectiveness", and extract Gaochun's poverty alleviation experience and enlightenment. Finally, this paper will comprehensively summarize the experience of this poverty alleviation project, in order to extract referable and transferable poverty alleviation strategies.

I. Case 1 of Gaochun's Poverty Alleviation: Transportation Infrastructure Construction

(I) Introduction to Poverty Scenarios (What+When+Where)

Gaochun has long been trapped in the transportation dead-end dilemma of "roads end at Gaochun, people turn back at Gaochun", forming a dual bottleneck of poor external connectivity and internal obstruction. As a marginal area within the Nanjing metropolitan area, Gaochun's poverty is not absolute income shortage, but the lack of development opportunities caused by geographical marginalization, a typical "relative poverty within developed areas". Externally, there were scarce connection channels with the main urban area of Nanjing and surrounding cities, mainly relying on low-grade highways and inland water transportation with extremely low traffic efficiency, and it was long excluded from the main urban industrial radiation and factor flow system; internally, most of the roads between towns and villages were simple dirt roads and farm roads with a width of 2-3 meters, with low road grade and impassable in rainy days. A large number of villages could only be accessed through mud and gravel roads.

The transportation dilemma directly led to three poverty consequences: first, characteristic agricultural products such as crabs, tea and rice had high loss and logistics costs in external transportation, resulting in the dilemma of "being able to grow but not sell, and not getting a good price"; second, external capital and industrial projects were difficult to land due to inconvenient transportation, and local industrial development fell into a cycle of no projects, no funds and no vitality; third, people had high travel costs for medical treatment, schooling and work, and the accessibility of livelihood services in remote villages was poor, further widening the development gap (What).

The poverty scenarios cover the whole area of Gaochun District, Nanjing, focusing on three types of areas: first, marginal villages on the border of Jiangsu and Anhui, located at the end of radiation of the Nanjing metropolitan area with extremely poor external connectivity; second, eastern hilly and mountainous areas (Dongba Sub-district, Yaxi Sub-district) with fragmented terrain and weak road accessibility; third, western water network polder areas (Zhuanqiang Town, Yangjiang Town) with dense river networks and serious traffic barriers, which are also the core crab breeding areas and concentrated underdeveloped areas (Where). The core poverty scenarios were mainly from the 1980s and 1990s to 2015 before the full implementation of the national targeted poverty alleviation strategy. The impact of some rural road network shortcomings and management and maintenance problems continued to the connection period of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization (When).

(II) Analysis of Poverty Causes (Why)

The development constraints caused by the lag of transportation infrastructure in Gaochun are the result of the superposition of multiple factors such as inherent natural conditions, insufficient acquired investment, and lack of mechanism construction. The core poverty-causing logic is divided into four levels:

1. Inherent rigid constraints of geographical location and natural terrain. Located at the southernmost tip of Nanjing and the southwestern edge of Jiangsu Province, Gaochun is far from the main urban area and inherently at the end of metropolitan radiation; at the same time, it is crisscrossed by hills and water networks, with fragmented mountainous terrain in the east and blocked river networks in the western polder areas. Road construction has high costs, construction difficulties and maintenance difficulties, forming an inherent obstacle to transportation development from the perspective of physical geography.

2. Long-term insufficient construction investment caused by weak economic foundation. Restricted by geographical location and industry, Gaochun's district-level financial strength has long been weak, with a large gap in local supporting funds for rural road construction; while decentralized rural road network construction has a long investment return cycle and difficult market-oriented financing. Relying solely on the financial resources of grassroots village collectives cannot afford the cost of road construction and maintenance, forming a cycle of weak economy → no money for road construction → difficult industrial development → weaker economy.

3. Lack of long-term road network security capacity caused by disconnection between construction and management. Before poverty alleviation, rural roads in Gaochun generally had the problems of emphasizing construction over management and lacking maintenance. The built low-grade roads lacked special maintenance funds and management subjects, with prominent problems of road damage and reduced traffic capacity. Even a small number of built roads could not play a stable role for a long time.

4. Overall development constraints caused by transportation lag. The transportation bottleneck is not only a travel problem, but also fundamentally cuts off the factor exchange channel between Gaochun and the external market: high logistics costs compress the profit space of the agricultural industry, poor location accessibility hinders the start of cultural tourism industry, and poor factor flow exacerbates brain drain and industrial hollowing out, ultimately turning geographical periphery into development periphery, becoming an important cause of relative poverty in Gaochun.

The solution logic of Gaochun District for the above poverty phenomena and causes is as follows:
Inherent geographical constraints + insufficient construction investment + disconnection between construction and management → serious lag of transportation infrastructure → district-level top-level overall planning + diversified fund guarantee + precise connection by first secretaries → opening up external channels and improving internal road network → integrated construction, management, maintenance and operation under the road chief system → long-term solution to transportation bottlenecks and elimination of the root causes of poverty

(III) Poverty Alleviation Plan and Implementation Strategy (How+Who)

Gaochun District takes transportation infrastructure construction as the first project of poverty alleviation, and builds an implementation system of top-level overall planning, hierarchical responsibility, diversified collaboration and integrated construction and management. In response to the above poverty causes, Gaochun District has taken targeted measures: first, solve the problem of insufficient construction investment through diversified fund coordination and precise connection by first secretaries; second, solve the problem of lack of long-term road network security through the "road chief system"; third, solve development constraints through transportation quality upgrading.

1. Top-level planning guidance to build a collaborative overall transportation framework
Systematic planning is the general traction of transportation poverty alleviation. In response to the core pain points of lack of overall planning, fragmented road network and disconnection with industrial and livelihood needs in previous rural road construction, Gaochun District has established a planning and implementation system led by the Party committee and government, dominated by industry departments and multi-party linkage. First, the Gaochun District Party Committee and District Government have included transportation infrastructure construction into the core tasks of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, anchored the strategic positioning of transportation poverty alleviation at the district level, precisely bound transportation construction with industrial development, rural revitalization and livelihood improvement, and prioritized resource allocation to economically weak villages, characteristic planting and breeding areas and ecological tourism areas. Second, industry competent departments such as the District Transportation Bureau and the District Highway Development Center have taken the lead in compiling the Comprehensive Transportation Plan of Gaochun District, Nanjing, clarifying the three-level construction system of external high-speed channels, regional backbone road networks and rural roads, breaking the administrative boundaries of towns, sub-districts and villages, solving the problem of road network fragmentation caused by previous scattered construction, and drawing a clear implementation path for regional transportation poverty alleviation.

2. Coordinated tackling to break the bottlenecks of transportation construction funds and landing implementation
Stable fund guarantee and efficient landing implementation are the core key links to achieve the goal of transportation poverty alleviation. In response to the practical obstacles of no money for construction, difficult landing and inaccurate demand connection in rural road construction for a long time, Gaochun District has built an implementation system with clear rights and responsibilities, vertical linkage and diversified collaboration.

In terms of fund guarantee, Gaochun District has innovatively built a diversified fund coordination mechanism of "district-level finance as the mainstay, superior subsidies as the supplement and policy financing as the supplement" to solve the problem of insufficient construction investment. The district-level government has included transportation construction funds in the annual financial budget and maintained steady growth to consolidate the basic fund plate; at the same time, under the background of constructing "Four Good Rural Roads", it has actively strived for central vehicle purchase tax and provincial and municipal special subsidies, and eased the fund pressure of major projects through local government bonds, forming a stable and sustainable fund supply system.

In terms of project landing, a whole-process promotion mechanism of industry department coordination, state-owned enterprise main implementation and grassroots collaborative guarantee has been established. The District Transportation Bureau, together with development and reform, finance, agriculture and rural areas and other departments, has established a project reserve library, distinguished priorities according to the principles of urgent livelihood needs and industrial orientation, and coordinated the promotion of project approval and implementation scheduling; district-level state-owned enterprises such as Gaochun Construction and Development Group and Southern Road and Bridge Construction Group, as the core implementation subjects, undertake the investment, financing and construction of trunk highways and rural roads to ensure the landing of projects according to standards and schedules; town and sub-district people's governments and village "two committees" are grassroots implementation subjects, responsible for land transfer, mass mobilization, on-site coordination and other work to clear grassroots obstacles to project construction.

In terms of precise demand connection, give full play to the bridge role of the first secretaries stationed in villages. The selection of first secretaries is not random, but matched according to the principle of on-demand selection and resource matching: superior departments will selectively select cadres from counterpart units according to the actual needs of economically weak villages. For example, cadres from transportation departments are selected for villages needing to solve transportation problems; cadres from water affairs departments are selected for villages needing to improve water conservancy conditions. The first secretaries stationed in economically weak villages comprehensively investigate the core pain points of villagers' travel and industrial transportation, connect the resources of dispatched units upward, promote the implementation of precise projects such as opening up dead-end roads and hardening industrial roads, solve a large number of rural road network microcirculation problems urgently needed by the masses, and ensure that transportation construction precisely matches poverty alleviation needs. This mechanism makes the first secretaries an important supplementary force beyond the government's regular road construction projects, especially solving the microcirculation problem of the "last mile".

3. Full implementation of the road chief system for long-term management and maintenance of construction, management, maintenance and operation
Full-cycle long-term management and maintenance is the key support to ensure that rural road networks continue to play their poverty alleviation effectiveness. In response to the previous problems of emphasizing construction over maintenance, lack of management and maintenance responsibilities and insufficient traffic security capacity in rural roads, Gaochun District has taken the "road chief system" as the core starting point to build a full-coverage, implementable and assessable rural road management and maintenance system. Gaochun District has fully implemented the hierarchical road chief system, with persons in charge of towns, sub-districts and villages serving as road chiefs of rural roads in their jurisdictions at different levels, refining the management and maintenance responsibilities of rural roads to specific road sections and individuals. At the same time, a management system directly linking assessment results with maintenance fund allocation and cadre accountability has been established: if road chiefs fail to perform their duties (such as poor road conditions and untimely maintenance), stepped accountability will be implemented; if they fail to meet the standards, those who fail to rectify or fail consecutively will be notified in the whole district and disqualified from annual evaluation; if it causes continuous deterioration of road conditions and affects people's production and travel, road chiefs will be interviewed, and in serious cases, maintenance funds for corresponding road sections will be reduced and road chiefs will be replaced to ensure the effective implementation of the "road chief system" and guarantee the long-term good traffic of rural roads. On this basis, it continues to promote the upgrading of rural roads, improve road safety facilities and lighting projects, and simultaneously promote the integration of urban and rural public transport, achieving full coverage of public transport in administrative villages, opening up the "last mile" of villagers' travel, and ensuring that rural road networks can stably play the role of livelihood and industrial support for a long time.

4. Road network quality improvement to open up the value transformation channel of transportation-driven poverty alleviation
Gaochun District's transportation poverty alleviation work has not stopped at road construction itself, but based on the improved road network, promoted the transformation of transportation advantages into industrial advantages and income-increasing advantages, realizing a poverty alleviation closed loop from road access to hematopoietic prosperity. In the planning and construction stage, Gaochun District has always adhered to the simultaneous layout and promotion of transportation construction and industrial development, prioritized the construction of supporting roads for characteristic breeding areas, large-scale planting areas and ecological tourism scenic spots, opened up transportation channels for agricultural products to enter cities from villages and rural tourism to attract income, and solved the overall transportation constraints of rural industrial development. At the same time, based on the improved rural road network, it drives economically weak villages to develop diversified formats such as characteristic planting and breeding, rural homestays and agricultural experience, broadening the income channels of village collectives and villagers, and fundamentally exerting the poverty alleviation and hematopoietic function of transportation infrastructure.

(IV) Project Effectiveness

The regional road network system has been fully formed, completely breaking geographical isolation. Gaochun has completely got rid of the transportation dead-end dilemma, forming an external channel linked by high-speed and trunk highways externally, and achieving 100% of administrative villages with double-lane roads and 100% of natural villages with hardened roads internally, building a modern road network system with smooth external connectivity, internal circulation and urban-rural integration, fundamentally solving the constraint of geographical marginalization.

The industrial development bottleneck has been broken, directly empowering poverty alleviation and income increase. The smooth road network has greatly reduced the logistics cost and loss rate of agricultural products. Fresh aquatic products such as crabs can be quickly transported to the national market, realizing good products selling at good prices; at the same time, the improvement of transportation conditions has laid the foundation for the landing of industrial projects and the development of cultural tourism industry, driving the growth of village collective economy and villagers' employment and income.

The accessibility of livelihood services has been greatly improved, narrowing the urban-rural development gap. The improvement of rural roads has made it more convenient for villagers in remote areas to travel for medical treatment, schooling and work. The full coverage of urban-rural public transport allows rural people to share urban public service resources, effectively alleviating the livelihood dilemma in remote areas.

A long-term management and maintenance mechanism has been fully established to ensure the long-term stable operation of the road network. Through the road chief system, full coverage and full cycle of rural road management and maintenance have been realized, forming a governance pattern of government leadership, hierarchical responsibility and public participation, ensuring that transportation infrastructure can serve rural development and people's income increase for a long time.

(V) Experience and Enlightenment

Geographical location barrier is a common constraint for marginal areas to achieve poverty alleviation and development. Priority transportation infrastructure construction is often an important precursor to break spatial constraints and activate development momentum. Taking the lead in opening up internal and external road network systems and breaking the factor flow barriers caused by physical isolation can open up development space for industrial cultivation and livelihood improvement, and promote underdeveloped marginal areas to transform from development ends to frontiers. Rural transportation construction needs to establish a vertical linkage collaborative governance model, build a regional road network framework through top-level overall planning, accurately connect livelihood and industrial needs relying on grassroots organizations and targeted stationed village forces, integrate multi-party resources to implement key road projects, and achieve precise adaptation of planning layout and actual development needs.

The poverty alleviation value of transportation infrastructure depends not only on scientific construction, but also on the dual support of long-term management and maintenance and industrial integration. It is necessary to establish a long-term mechanism of integrated construction, management, maintenance and operation, ensure the sustainable and stable effectiveness of transportation facilities with clear responsibility division and rigid assessment system; at the same time, promote the deep binding of transportation construction with poverty alleviation goals and industrial development, plan road network layout with characteristic industries and rural revitalization simultaneously, so that road construction can be directly transformed into the core driving force of industrial development and people's income increase, and truly realize a poverty alleviation closed loop of prospering industries with roads and enriching people with industries.

II. Case 2 of Gaochun's Poverty Alleviation: Crab Breeding Industry

(I) Introduction to Poverty Scenarios (What+When+Where)

Gaochun has a high-quality water system of Gucheng Lake, with excellent natural conditions for the growth of Chinese mitten crabs. Gucheng Lake has a wide water surface, excellent water quality, rich in minerals such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, providing an ideal natural environment for the growth of Chinese mitten crabs. As early as the 1980s, some farmers carried out sporadic breeding, but they have long been in a poor state of living a poor life despite holding high-quality resources. The core manifestations are: the breeding mode stays in the extensive stage of natural stocking, mainly scattered breeding by individual households, with fragmented ponds, non-standard production and unstable quality; farmers lack technical guidance, frequent diseases and water quality problems, large fluctuations in crab survival rate and output, and high risk of breeding losses; asymmetric market information, weak bargaining power of farmers, high-quality crabs are difficult to sell at reasonable prices, and frequent phenomena of high yield but low income; the industrial chain is extremely short, only staying in the breeding link with very low added value, unable to drive village collective income increase, and difficult to absorb low-income groups for stable employment, and cannot become a pillar industry supporting regional poverty alleviation (What). It mainly covers the surrounding areas of Gucheng Lake and Shijiu Lake in Gaochun District, focusing on Yangjiang Town, Zhuanqiang Town, Gucheng Sub-district, Chunxi Sub-district and other main crab producing areas in the western polder areas, which are also the areas with the most concentrated economically weak villages and low-income groups in Gaochun (Where). Industrial poverty was mainly from the 1980s to 2008 before the establishment of professional cooperatives. The problems of scattered operation and weak risk resistance still prevailed before poverty alleviation in 2015, and industrial upgrading runs through the whole process of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization (When).

(II) Analysis of Poverty Causes (Why)

Gaochun's crab industry has long been trapped in the dilemma of large resources, small industry and low efficiency, and is difficult to drive poverty alleviation and income increase. The core root causes lie in the following five bottlenecks:
First, at the production level, land fragmentation makes large-scale and standardized production impossible. Breeding ponds are scattered in the hands of thousands of households, with small scale and scattered plots per household, making it impossible to carry out unified infrastructure transformation and standardized breeding management, difficult to popularize technology, uneven product quality, and difficult to form scale effect.
Second, at the technical level, traditional empirical breeding leads to extremely weak risk resistance. Farmers mainly rely on traditional experience for breeding, lacking scientific water quality regulation, disease prevention and improved breed breeding technologies. In case of extreme weather such as high temperature and flood, problems such as water grass rot, water hypoxia and disease outbreak are very easy to occur, leading to large-scale death of crabs, farmers' annual income gone, and even falling into poverty due to breeding losses.
Third, at the organizational level, scattered operation leads to the lack of market bargaining power. Under the single-household breeding mode, farmers are in a weak position in seedling procurement, feed procurement and crab sales, with high procurement costs and low sales prices. All risks of market fluctuations are borne by farmers, and the phenomenon of "low prices hurting farmers" is very easy to occur.
Fourth, at the supporting level, serious lack of infrastructure and industrial chain supporting facilities. Imperfect water conservancy irrigation and drainage facilities in breeding areas directly affect the water quality and survival rate of crab breeding; lack of cold chain storage and centralized trading markets, coupled with previous transportation lag, high loss and circulation costs of crab external transportation, further compressing the profit space.
Fifth, at the brand level, there is reputation but no brand, with low premium capacity. Early Gucheng Lake crabs only had regional reputation, lacking a unified regional public brand, let alone brand property right protection. Farmers could only sell loose crabs and general goods, unable to achieve high quality and good price, and the industrial added value was extremely low.

The solution logic of Gaochun District for the above poverty phenomena and causes is as follows:
High-quality natural resources → extensive and scattered breeding, lack of technology, loose organization, lack of supporting facilities, no brand → inefficient industry, poor farmers, unable to alleviate poverty → land transfer and organized operation → park construction → e-commerce empowerment and digital upgrading → diversified income increase for farmers, village collective benefit, long-term poverty alleviation

(III) Poverty Alleviation Plan and Implementation Strategy (How+Who)

The poverty alleviation practice of Gaochun's crab industry is to integrate scattered small farmers into the modern industrial system through the whole-chain upgrading of organization, scale, standardization, branding and digitalization, and transform ecological resource advantages into industrial advantages and income dividends. In response to the above poverty causes, Gaochun District has taken targeted measures: first, solve the problem of production decentralization through the land transfer mechanism; second, solve the problem of lack of technology through the technical training mechanism; third, solve the problem of lack of supporting facilities through industrial park construction; fourth, solve the problem of lack of organization through the "cooperative + base + farmer" structure; fifth, solve the problem of low premium through e-commerce empowerment and brand building.

The whole process can be divided into four clear development stages, each stage clarifies the core implementation subjects and key measures, and realizes industrial upgrading and poverty alleviation goals step by step.

Phased Implementation Strategies and Paths

Stage 1: Initial Stage and Extensive Operation (1980s-2007)

1. Spontaneous breeding to form an initial industrial scale
This stage is the spontaneous exploration period of the industry, the core is to complete the popularization of breeding from scratch, and expose the core pain points of scattered operation, laying a foundation for subsequent organizational upgrading. Local scattered farmers and grassroots villages rely on the high-quality water system of Gucheng Lake to start small-scale crab breeding by lakes and ditches, gradually forming a regional breeding scale, and forming an initial reputation of "Gucheng Lake crabs" by word of mouth; some villages try to guide farmers to jointly purchase and sell, but fail to form a stable organizational model. The industry is in a "sideline" state as a whole, with extensive production methods and unresolved core contradictions of scattered operation, unable to drive large-scale poverty alleviation, and farmers' income is low and unstable.

Stage 2: Organizational Integration and Standardization Initial Stage (2008-2015)

The core breakthrough of this stage is to realize organizational innovation through cooperatives, solve the core pain points of scattered operation, and lay an organizational foundation for large-scale industrial upgrading. Local breeding talents, supply and marketing cooperative system, aquatic professional cooperatives, and relevant functional departments of the District Party Committee and District Government participate together.

1. Cooperatives lead to build an organized operation system
In 2008, Xing Qingsong, a local breeding talent, led the establishment of Qingsong Aquatic Professional Cooperative with the support of the supply and marketing cooperative system, and upgraded to Jiangsu Gucheng Lake Qingsong Aquatic Professional Cooperative Union in 2010, covering key crab breeding villages in the district. The cooperative innovatively implements the "five unifications" operation mode: unified seedling introduction, unified technical training, unified quality standards, unified product acquisition, and unified brand sales. Through the "cooperative + base + farmer" structure, scattered farmers are organized to initially achieve collective development.

2. Government guidance to promote brand building and standardized management
In 2007, the "Gucheng Lake" brand was recognized as a national geographical indication protection product, and in 2009, it was recognized as a well-known Chinese trademark. The District Party Committee and District Government promoted the standardized use and protection of regional public brands, laying a foundation for industrial branding development; the District Agriculture and Rural Bureau and Aquatic Technology Extension Station carry out breeding technical training to promote scientific breeding technology to farmers and improve the level of standardized breeding.

3. Land transfer to explore initial benefit connection
At the same time, some cooperatives cooperate with village collectives to explore farmer land transfer, carry out contiguous breeding pilots and establish an initial benefit connection mechanism to ensure farmers' rental income from land transfer, and give priority to absorbing farmers to work in cooperatives. The above practices initially solve the problem of scattered operation, significantly improve farmers' market bargaining power and risk resistance, transform the industry from extensive breeding to standardized breeding, and lay an organizational foundation for subsequent large-scale poverty alleviation.

Stage 3: Large-scale Park-based and Whole Industrial Chain Construction Stage (2015-2020, concentrated poverty alleviation period)

This stage is the core breakthrough period for the crab industry to drive poverty alleviation. Relying on the policy opportunity of poverty alleviation, it has realized large-scale land concentration, park-based upgrading and whole industrial chain construction, and truly built the industry into a core pillar of poverty alleviation. Implementation subjects include Gaochun District Party Committee and District Government, town and village collective economic organizations, Qingsong Ecological Company, professional cooperative unions, agriculture and rural departments, and first secretaries stationed in villages.

Core measures and implementation paths:

1. Innovate land concentration mechanism to achieve a breakthrough in large-scale operation
In response to the core problem of insufficient farmers' willingness to transfer land and fragmented ponds, Gaochun has explored and formed a land concentration mechanism of "N to 14 to 1": first, scattered crab ponds in the hands of more than 10,000 farmers are transferred to the joint-stock economic cooperatives of 14 administrative villages, and then the 14 village cooperatives uniformly invest in Jiangsu Qingsong Ecological Development Co., Ltd., realizing contiguous planning, unified transformation and standardized operation of land. At the same time, innovate the "three thousands" income increase model of "rent + salary + dividend". Farmers can get 1,000 yuan of guaranteed rent income, 1,000 yuan of working salary income and 1,000 yuan of dividend income per mu of land, completely dispelling farmers' transfer concerns and realizing the organic connection between small farmers and large-scale breeding.

2. Build a national modern agricultural industrial park to promote standardized upgrading
In 2019, Gaochun successfully created the first national modern agricultural industrial park dominated by river crab breeding in China, with a planned total area of 305,000 mu. The industrial park carries out unified standardized transformation of the original fragmented ponds, completes supporting water intake and drainage systems and tail water purification facilities, builds a "ten unifications" whole-chain service system, implements workshop management, transforms traditional breeding into a standardized and controllable modern production mode, and greatly improves breeding efficiency and product quality.

3. Improve industrial chain supporting facilities to open up circulation bottlenecks
Gaochun District Supply and Marketing Cooperative Union has invested a total of more than 600 million yuan to build the Gucheng Lake Crab Wholesale Market and agricultural product wholesale market cluster, build a core crab origin distribution hub in East China, realize the integration of centralized trading, warehousing and logistics, and price release; simultaneously improve the cold chain logistics system to solve the core problems of crab preservation and external transportation, and greatly reduce circulation losses.

4. Solve breeding technology and resource bottlenecks
The District Aquatic Technology Extension Station has established a normalized technical training and rural guidance mechanism to solve technical problems such as diseases and water quality regulation in farmers' breeding; first secretaries stationed in villages give play to the resource advantages of dispatched units, promote the implementation of projects such as water conservancy facility transformation, expert technical guidance and cold storage construction in response to pain points such as poor water systems, insufficient technology and lack of storage in breeding areas, and accurately solve industrial development blockages.

5. Improve the benefit connection mechanism to drive low-income groups to increase income
Cooperatives and industrial parks give priority to absorbing registered low-income households to participate in breeding and work. Through the protective price acquisition mechanism, they acquire farmers' crabs at a price higher than the market price when the market is depressed, reducing the market risk of low-income farmers. The realization of this mechanism is not direct government subsidies, but the result of cooperatives transferring enterprise-end profits to farmers through large-scale operation, brand premium and whole industrial chain integration. Through order agriculture, joint-stock cooperation and other models, low-income groups are embedded in the industrial chain to achieve stable income increase.

Stage 4: Digital Upgrading and Omnichannel Expansion Stage (2020-present, rural revitalization connection period)

The core of this stage is to promote the digital, branded and omnichannel upgrading of the industry, extend the industrial chain, consolidate the industrial poverty alleviation effect, and achieve long-term sustainable development. Implementation subjects include Gaochun District Party Committee and District Government, Commerce Bureau, Agriculture and Rural Bureau, e-commerce enterprises, village collective economic organizations, professional cooperatives, and new farmers.

1. E-commerce empowerment to build an omnichannel sales system
At the district level, implement the "E-commerce Benefiting Farmers Leading Plan", carry out systematic training on e-commerce operation and live streaming sales for farmers and returning youth; take Shuangyou Village Farmers' Pioneer Park as the core carrier to build an e-commerce training base and live streaming base, introduce e-commerce enterprises and supporting cold chain logistics, and open up online sales channels for crabs; first secretaries and new farmers promote Gucheng Lake crabs from offline wholesale markets to the national online market through live streaming sales and brand promotion, greatly improving brand coverage and sales profits.

2. Digital transformation to extend the industrial chain and continuously strengthen the brand
Promote the application of Internet of Things, big data and other technologies in the breeding link, deploy digital equipment such as water quality monitoring, intelligent oxygenation and remote control, realize precise control of the breeding process, reduce breeding risks, and improve crab quality and output. Promote the extension of the crab industry from single breeding to intensive processing, prepared dishes and agricultural-tourism integration, develop crab deep-processing products, create agricultural-tourism projects such as crab pond sightseeing and crab fishing experience, expand industrial income space, and drive more farmers to employment and income increase. Continuously strengthen the "Gucheng Lake" national geographical indication brand, expand brand influence through festivals such as the Crab Festival, standardize brand use, promote high quality and good price, and let farmers share brand value-added dividends.

(IV) Project Effectiveness

The industrial energy level has achieved a leap-forward upgrade, becoming a national benchmark for the river crab industry. Gaochun's crab breeding scale exceeds 200,000 mu, and the whole industrial chain output value reaches 10 billion yuan. It has formed a complete whole industrial chain integrating seedling breeding, ecological breeding, cold chain logistics, brand marketing and intensive processing, becoming the first pillar industry of Gaochun's agriculture, and awarded the "Hometown of Chinese River Crabs". The brand value of Gucheng Lake crabs continues to rank among the top in China.
It has a significant effect on driving farmers' poverty alleviation and income increase, achieving common prosperity. Qingsong Aquatic Professional Cooperative Union directly absorbs more than 3,000 members, driving more than 100,000 farmers in the district to participate in the crab industry. In 2022, it helped members sell crabs worth 599 million yuan, with an average household income increase of 12,600 yuan for members; through the "rent + salary + dividend" model, a large number of low-income farmers have achieved stable income increase and completely got rid of poverty, and all economically weak villages in the core breeding areas have been lifted out of poverty.
The industrial risk resistance and standardization level have been greatly improved. Through large-scale, standardized and park-based upgrading, the traditional extensive mode of "natural stocking" has been completely changed, the survival rate and quality stability of crab breeding have been significantly improved, and farmers' ability to cope with market fluctuations and natural disasters has been greatly enhanced, fundamentally avoiding the risk of poverty and return to poverty due to breeding losses.
An omnichannel sales system has been fully formed, and the brand premium capacity continues to increase. An omnichannel sales network of offline wholesale markets + national brand stores + online e-commerce live streaming has been formed. Gucheng Lake crabs have changed from regional products to nationally famous brands, achieving high quality and good price, greatly improving industrial added value and continuously expanding farmers' profit space.
It has driven the comprehensive growth of village collective economy. Through village collective joint-stock cooperatives investing in industrial parks and developing supporting industries, the collective operating income of villages in the core crab breeding areas has increased significantly. A large number of former economically weak villages have achieved a leap-forward growth of village collective economy through the crab industry, and have the ability to continuously assist low-income groups.

(V) Experience and Enlightenment

Cultivating characteristic leading industries based on regional resource endowments is an important path for underdeveloped areas to achieve industrial poverty alleviation. Transforming local resource advantages into industrial development advantages can effectively avoid development risks caused by blind industrial layout; promoting organizational innovation with cooperatives as the carrier can effectively open up the connection block between small farmers and modern agriculture, let scattered operation entities develop collectively, and build a diversified benefit connection mechanism at the same time, so that farmers can deeply share industrial value-added benefits and lay a solid foundation for long-term stable income increase.
To promote characteristic industries to achieve sustainable poverty alleviation, it is necessary to focus on the systematic upgrading of the whole industrial chain, improve quality and efficiency from production, circulation to sales, and get rid of the extensive development mode; at the same time, build a multi-party collaborative governance system of government guidance, market leadership, talent drive and farmer participation, clarify the functional positioning of all parties, gather development forces, so as to comprehensively improve the core competitiveness of the industry, and make industrial development truly a lasting driving force for regional poverty alleviation and common development.

III. Case 3 of Gaochun's Poverty Alleviation: Cultural Tourism Industry

(I) Introduction to Poverty Scenarios (What+When+Where)

Gaochun has superior ecological endowments. The Yaxi area has a complete ecological texture of "three parts mountains, two parts water and five parts fields", with high vegetation coverage. However, due to strict ecological protection restrictions, traditional industries are difficult to land and industrial development is limited, it has long been trapped in "living a poor life despite holding green waters and green mountains" (What). Spatially (Where), poverty areas related to the cultural tourism industry cover the whole area of Gaochun, focusing on Yaxi, Qiqiao, Dongba Sub-districts in the eastern hilly and mountainous areas, and around Gucheng Lake and Shijiu Lake, including the core area of Yaxi International Slow City, Gaogang Village, Qiaoli Village and other former hollow villages and economically weak villages. In terms of time (When), the core poverty scenarios were mainly from the 1990s to 2010 before the "International Slow City" certification. The dilemma of difficult transformation of ecological resources prevailed before poverty alleviation in 2015, and the quality upgrading and long-term operation of the cultural tourism industry also run through the whole process of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization.

(II) Analysis of Poverty Causes (Why)

The core root causes of Gaochun's high-quality ecological resources unable to be transformed into poverty alleviation and income increase power lie in five bottlenecks: first, lack of industrial transformation paths, ecological resources stay in traditional agriculture for a long time, lack of realization carriers; second, serious lack of infrastructure and supporting facilities, poor accessibility and blank cultural tourism formats, difficult to transform passenger flow into economic dividends; third, lack of top-level design and core brand leadership, spontaneous and scattered industries without system, weak market competitiveness; fourth, lack of professional talents and operation capacity, insufficient internal and external power leading to difficult productization of resources; fifth, imperfect benefit connection mechanism, villagers difficult to share development dividends. Early sporadic tourism projects were mostly operated by external subjects alone, and villagers could only get a small amount of income through sporadic agricultural product sales.

The solution logic of Gaochun District for the above poverty phenomena and causes is as follows:
High-quality ecological resources, strict constraints, weak industry → planning first → brand leadership → infrastructure supporting → talent operation → benefit connection → ecological transformation into cultural tourism industry → village collective income increase + farmer prosperity → long-term poverty alleviation

(III) Poverty Alleviation Plan and Implementation Strategy (How+Who)

The poverty alleviation practice of Gaochun's cultural tourism industry is to transform ecological resources into industrial advantages through brand leadership, planning first, platform operation, diversified collaboration and villagers' sharing, and build a poverty alleviation system of regional tourism, agricultural-tourism integration, village collective income increase and farmer prosperity. In response to the above poverty causes, Gaochun District has taken targeted measures: first, in response to the lack of industrial transformation paths, take planning guidance + agricultural-tourism integration as the starting point to create agricultural-tourism integration formats; second, in response to the lack of infrastructure and supporting facilities, improve the road network and supporting construction; third, in response to the lack of top-level design and core brand, establish a resort management committee and cultural tourism group to build the "International Slow City" brand; fourth, in response to the lack of professional talents and operation capacity, build a rural revitalization workstation with Tsinghua University, and let state-owned enterprises be responsible for investment and operation to improve operation capacity; fifth, in response to the imperfect benefit connection mechanism, improve the benefit connection mechanism through "diversified sharing + employment assistance".

The whole development process can be divided into four core stages, each stage clarifies the implementation subjects and core tasks, and realizes industrial breakthrough and poverty alleviation goals step by step.

Implementation Stages and Core Measures

Stage 1: Ecological Town Establishment and Initial Exploration (2005-2010)

The first stage focuses on establishing the development direction of ecological tourism, completing preliminary planning and basic exploration, and laying a foundation for subsequent brand breakthroughs.
Core implementation subjects: Yaxi Town Party Committee and Government, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Gaochun District Party Committee and District Government.

1. Planning first to establish the development direction
In 2005, jointly compiled the Gaochun County Yaxi Ecological Town Construction Plan with Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Nanjing Agricultural University, clarifying the spatial layout and development path of ecological development for the first time; in 2006, Yaxi Town Party Committee and Government formally put forward the strategy of "establishing the town by ecology", planning to build a 48-kilometer "circular sightseeing agricultural tourism route", connecting agricultural sightseeing parks and villages along the line to create an "original ecological tour", and establishing the core direction of driving development through ecological tourism. At the same time, basic supporting facilities are initially improved, combined with rural road construction, the accessibility of tourism routes is improved, and environmental renovation of villages along the line is simultaneously promoted, laying a preliminary foundation for the development of ecological tourism. Villages along the line represented by Qiaoli Village also rely on organic tea gardens and orchards to initially explore formats such as agricultural sightseeing and picking experience, realizing the initial integration of agriculture and tourism.

Stage 2: Brand Empowerment and System Construction (2010-2017)

The core breakthrough of this stage is to win the core IP of "International Slow City", complete the leap from "scattered sightseeing" to "branded scenic spot", and build an organizational and platform system for the development of cultural tourism industry.
Core implementation subjects: Gaochun District Party Committee and District Government, International Slow City Tourism Resort Management Committee, Yaxi Town Party Committee and Government, district-level state-owned enterprises.
Core measures and implementation paths:

1. Brand breakthrough to build the core IP of "International Slow City"
In 2010, Angelo Vasario, Vice Chairman of the World Slow City Alliance and Mayor of Pollica, Italy, inspected Yaxi on the spot and believed that it fully met the international slow city standards. In November of the same year, at the international slow city meeting held in Scotland, Gaochun's "Yaxi Ecological Tour" was officially awarded the title of "International Slow City" by the World Slow City Alliance, becoming the first international slow city in China, and achieving a leap from a regional ecological scenic spot to a national cultural tourism IP in one fell swoop. Since then, it has continued to deepen brand operation and expand market influence. By holding festivals such as the Golden Flower Festival and Crab Festival, it continues to amplify the brand effect of "International Slow City", attracting tourists from the Yangtze River Delta region, and the number of tourists and tourism income achieve rapid growth.

2. Platform construction to improve the organizational system of cultural tourism industry
In 2013, the Party Working Committee and Management Committee of Gaochun International Slow City Tourism Resort were established as dispatched agencies of the District Party Committee and District Government, uniformly responsible for the planning, construction, management and operation of the slow city area; simultaneously promote the construction of iconic projects such as Slow City Town, Dashan Folk Village and Lvjia Food Village, improve core supporting facilities such as accommodation, catering and tourist services, and initially form a mature tourism product system.

Stage 3: Regional Expansion and Format Upgrading (2017-2020)

The core of this stage is to leap from a single scenic spot to regional tourism, promote the deep integration of cultural tourism industry with agriculture and rural revitalization, and fully amplify the poverty alleviation driving effect of cultural tourism industry.
Core implementation subjects: Gaochun District Party Committee and District Government, Slow City Cultural Tourism Group, towns, sub-districts, village collective economic organizations.
Core measures and implementation paths:

1. Regional layout to build a "Big Slow City" development pattern
In 2017, Jiangsu Gaochun International Slow City Cultural Tourism Industry Investment Group Co., Ltd. with a registered capital of 1 billion yuan was established, responsible for the investment, financing, construction and operation of regional cultural tourism projects; the District Party Committee and District Government proposed to build a 400-square-kilometer "Big Slow City" pattern, planning to form a spatial layout of "Mountain Slow City" in the east, "Cultural Slow City" in the middle and "Water Slow City" in the west, building a 200-kilometer "Slow City Greenway" to connect all areas, realizing the transformation from a point-like scenic spot to a regional tourism destination.

2. Format integration to promote the deep integration of agriculture and tourism
Promote the transformation of tea areas into scenic spots, tea gardens into scenic spots, and agricultural products into tourism commodities, build organic tea gardens, rice fields and crab ponds into sightseeing experience nodes, develop agricultural-tourism integration products such as tea picking experience, rice field sightseeing and crab fishing, which not only enriches tourism formats, but also drives the sales of characteristic agricultural products and farmers' income increase.

Stage 4: Innovative Integration and Long-term Operation (2020-present, rural revitalization connection period)

The core of this stage is to build a long-term operation system of cultural tourism industry through university-local collaboration, format innovation and mechanism improvement, improve the benefit connection mechanism, and realize the sustainable development of cultural tourism industry and long-term consolidation of poverty alleviation results.
Core implementation subjects: Gaochun District Party Committee and District Government, Slow City Management Committee, Slow City Cultural Tourism Group, Tsinghua University Rural Revitalization Workstation, village collective economic organizations, market-oriented operation subjects.
Core measures and implementation paths:

1. University-local collaboration to build a workstation collaborative development mechanism
Cooperate with Tsinghua University to build a rural revitalization workstation, which is located in Gaogang Village, Qiqiao Sub-district, and build a collaboration of government guidance, enterprise operation, university empowerment and villagers' participation. Tsinghua teachers and students deeply participate in the renovation and design of idle farm houses, retaining rural style while integrating modern functions, transforming 20 idle farm houses into formats such as homestays, cultural and creative spaces and research bases; district-level state-owned enterprises are responsible for investment, construction and operation. Through the market entry of collective operating construction land and the transfer of idle farm houses, village collectives and villagers obtain rent, dividend and salary income, realizing the transformation of Gaogang Village from a hollow village to an online celebrity cultural tourism village.

2. Format innovation to develop "Slow City +" diversified new formats
Continuously explore "Slow City +" new formats, develop camping economy, low-altitude economy, research tourism, silver-haired economy, etc., create a regional consumption scene of "festivals in four seasons, slow city at night", and continuously improve the attractiveness and profitability of cultural tourism industry.

3. Benefit connection to improve the income increase mechanism of village collectives and villagers
Through various ways such as village collective shareholding, idle resource leasing, local employment and independent operation, village collectives and villagers are deeply embedded in the cultural tourism industry chain to share industrial development dividends; give priority to providing public welfare posts and employment opportunities such as cleaning, security and scenic spot services for low-income groups to drive their stable income increase. For hollow villages and economically weak villages, through human settlement environment renovation and idle resource revitalization, build characteristic pastoral villages, cultivate rural cultural tourism formats, and drive weak villages to get rid of poverty and increase income.

(IV) Project Effectiveness

Gaochun's cultural tourism development has achieved remarkable results, mainly reflected in five aspects: first, the regional cultural tourism pattern has been fully formed, creating the core IP of "International Slow City", with a cumulative reception of more than 16 million tourists, leading the country in brand influence. Second, ecological value has been efficiently transformed, exploring a virtuous cycle path of "ecological protection - cultural tourism development - farmers' income increase", solving the contradiction between protection and development. Third, driving comprehensive rural revitalization, promoting the transformation of weak villages and hollow villages, village collective income rising to millions of yuan, realizing stable income increase for villagers. Fourth, creating a large number of jobs, driving the development of related industries, allowing villagers to achieve "employment at home" and broaden diversified income channels. Fifth, comprehensively improving the rural human settlement environment and governance level, improving infrastructure and enhancing village-level service capacity, realizing the simultaneous improvement of material and spiritual civilization.

(V) Experience and Enlightenment

For ecologically constrained areas to promote poverty alleviation through cultural tourism industry, the core is to base on their own ecological endowments, promote the transformation of ecological advantages into industrial advantages, shape core competitiveness with characteristic brand IP as the leader, and build an operation system of collaborative efforts of government, market, professional forces and villagers to lay a solid governance foundation for the sustainable development of rural cultural tourism.
To achieve long-term poverty alleviation through cultural tourism empowerment, it is necessary to abandon the single ticket economy model, adhere to format innovation and deep industrial integration, and establish a close benefit connection mechanism at the same time, so that villagers can be embedded in the cultural tourism industry chain through resource shareholding and local participation, truly become the main body and beneficiaries of development, and consolidate poverty alleviation results through co-construction and sharing.

IV. Case 4 of Gaochun's Poverty Alleviation: Diversified Assistance System

(I) Poverty Scenarios and Causes (What+When+Where+Why)

In addition to structural poverty such as lagging transportation infrastructure and weak industries, individual and risky poverty-causing problems are particularly prominent in Gaochun. The relevant scenarios and deep-seated causes are closely related and interact with each other, mainly reflected as follows: first, prominent poverty and return to poverty due to illness. Located at the edge of Nanjing metropolitan area, Gaochun has a large outflow of young labor force to developed areas, with serious aging and hollowing of permanent residents. By the end of 2024, the proportion of people aged 60 and above reached 25.8%, exceeding the national average. Coupled with the miniaturization of families and the collapse of traditional pension models, rural families have weak risk resistance, and the risks of diseases and old-age care are highly concentrated. In 2017, nearly 60% of the 16,000 rural low-income households in the district were poor due to illness, higher than the national level; second, lack of labor skills. Rural labor force is difficult to adapt to industrial upgrading needs, leading to narrow income channels and falling into a low-income cycle; third, easy poverty due to lack of resources. Some groups lack start-up funds and management capabilities, difficult to share the dividends of characteristic industries; fourth, shortcomings in the security and assistance system. Insufficient supply of grassroots public services and fragmented assistance policies, scattered and uncoordinated assistance policies of various departments, cumbersome processes, leading to limited play of the precise bottom-holding role; fifth, imperfect dynamic monitoring mechanism. Weak pre-intervention ability for unstable and marginal households, increasing the difficulty of consolidating poverty alleviation results.

The solution logic of Gaochun District for the above poverty phenomena and causes is as follows:
Aging and hollowing, lack of skills, lack of funds and ability channels, shortcomings in assistance system, incomplete monitoring → prominent poverty due to illness, low income and difficult to get rid of poverty, difficult to share industrial dividends, insufficient security for special groups → medical bottom-holding, skill training, industrial and employment assistance, normalized monitoring

(II) Poverty Alleviation Plan and Implementation Strategy (How+Who)

In response to the above poverty-causing root causes, Gaochun District has built a diversified assistance system with three pillars of "basic security, empowerment and development", forming a whole-chain assistance mechanism of "medical bottom-holding for basic security, skill training for empowerment, industrial and employment promotion for development, and dynamic monitoring for preventing return to poverty", accurately solving various poverty-causing problems and building a solid bottom line for preventing return to poverty. In response to the above poverty causes, Gaochun District has taken targeted measures: first, in response to the prominent problem of poverty and return to poverty due to illness, improve multi-level medical security, simplify assistance processes, and improve care for special groups; second, in response to the problem of lack of labor skills, carry out industrial, e-commerce and employment skill training; third, in response to the problem of low-income groups difficult to share industrial dividends, adopt a combination of industrial driving, production support and financial support; fourth, in response to the problem of insufficient security for special groups, optimize the assistance system and improve services for special groups; fifth, in response to the problem of incomplete monitoring for preventing return to poverty, establish a normalized monitoring mechanism and implement precise assistance for one household, one policy.

Core Implementation Measures and Responsible Subjects

Basic Security: Improve Medical Assistance and Social Bottom-holding System to Solve the Core Problem of Poverty Due to Illness

The core goal is to hold the basic living bottom line of the needy people and fundamentally curb poverty and return to poverty due to illness. Core implementation subjects are the District Party Committee and District Government, District Medical Insurance Bureau, Civil Affairs Bureau, Health Commission and other institutions, as well as towns, sub-districts, villages and first secretaries stationed in villages.

1. System construction to improve the multi-level medical security system
Gaochun District Party Committee and District Government issued a series of policies such as the Implementation Opinions on Establishing a Serious Illness Assistance System for Needy Groups, building a multi-level medical security system of "basic medical insurance + serious illness insurance + medical assistance + special assistance". The district finance allocates 10 million yuan of special funds for serious illness assistance every year, providing segmented assistance to needy groups whose personal annual out-of-pocket expenses exceed 20,000 yuan after medical insurance reimbursement, with a maximum annual assistance of 100,000 yuan per person; strictly implement the medical assistance ratio policy, achieving a medical assistance ratio of more than 80% for outpatient services and more than 90% for hospitalization and outpatient special diseases for key groups, and provide classified subsidies for insurance participation fees of needy groups, greatly reducing the medical burden of needy groups institutionally.

2. Grassroots implementation to promote the "Streamline Administration, Delegate Power, Strengthen Regulation and Upgrade Services" reform of social assistance
Take the lead in promoting the reform of social assistance "Streamline Administration, Delegate Power, Strengthen Regulation and Upgrade Services" in the province, delegate the confirmation authority of subsistence allowances, extreme poverty support and temporary assistance to towns and sub-districts, establish a three-level responsibility system of district, towns, sub-districts and villages, simplify assistance processes, and realize "one-window handling and one-bill settlement"; relying on the "big data + grid + iron feet" mechanism, carry out door-knocking actions and special investigations of special needy groups, take the initiative to find and assist needy people, provide agency services for groups with limited mobility, and open up the last mile of policy implementation.

3. Precise service to improve the care system for special groups
For special groups such as the disabled, disabled elderly and living alone elderly, improve the bottom-holding security and service system. First secretaries stationed in villages connect the resources of dispatched units, build "homes for the disabled" and home-based care service centers, providing services such as day care, rehabilitation physiotherapy, meal and bathing assistance, and supportive employment for special groups, effectively solving the living problems of special needy groups.

Empowerment: Build a Whole-Chain Skill Training System to Solve the Problem of "Lack of Technology and Ability"

The core goal is to improve the endogenous development capacity of rural labor force, so that farmers can adapt to industrial development needs and achieve stable employment and income increase. Core implementation subjects are the District Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, Commerce Bureau, Communist Youth League Committee, towns, sub-districts, scientific research institutes.

1. Hierarchical and classified to carry out whole-chain skill training
Focusing on leading industries such as crab breeding and organic planting, the District Agriculture and Rural Bureau regularly holds "high-quality farmer training courses", setting core modules such as production technology, operation management and brand building. In 2024, 17 training sessions of various types were held throughout the year, training more than 1,000 high-quality farmers. The production technology module focuses on Gaochun's advantageous industries – aquatic products such as river crabs and green shrimps, carrying out training on fattening of commercial crabs, new breeding modes, disease prevention and control, as well as new technologies for green shrimp seedling breeding and breeding; the e-commerce and marketing module holds special classes for high-quality farmers (e-commerce), inviting provincial and municipal experts to explain the analysis of live streaming e-commerce ecological industrial chain, rural e-commerce and rural revitalization, development trends and channel selection strategies of characteristic agricultural products e-commerce, short video marketing skills of agricultural products interest e-commerce, and content monetization of short video e-commerce; the comprehensive quality and operation management module carries out training on the standardized improvement of farmers' cooperatives, agricultural project management, brand building, agricultural product quality and safety, and agricultural policies and regulations. The District Aquatic Technology Extension Station and science and technology commissioners go deep into fields and ponds to carry out on-site training and guidance on breeding technology and disease prevention and control, improving farmers' scientific planting and breeding level. For non-agricultural industries, the District Human Resources and Social Security Bureau mainly carries out employment skill training such as housekeeping service, catering service and mechanical operation for rural labor force and poverty alleviation population, improving the non-agricultural employment capacity of labor force, and at the same time connecting enterprise employment demand to carry out order-based training, realizing "training means employment".

2. E-commerce empowerment to cultivate new farmer teams
The District Commerce Bureau implements the "E-commerce Benefiting Farmers Leading Plan", carrying out systematic training on store operation, short video production and live streaming sales for farmers, returning youth, veterans and other groups. The Municipal Communist Youth League Committee relies on university resources to mobilize college students and young "new farmers" to participate in training, providing follow-up services such as skill certification and entrepreneurship guidance, stimulating young people's enthusiasm for participating in rural revitalization. The Communist Youth League Committee leads activities such as the "Youth e-Line, Contributing to Rural Areas" Nanjing Youth E-commerce Agriculture Assistance Training Camp, with training contents covering mobile phone shooting, short video creation, live streaming sales, etc., combining the actual employment needs of college students with the urgent needs of rural revitalization, guiding young students to master live streaming skills and go deep into rural areas. On the one hand, it solves the employment problem of college students; on the other hand, it deepens their sense of belonging to Nanjing. As of October 2024, the project has entered more than ten universities in Nanjing, training more than 1,400 young college students in Nanjing, holding 13 sessions of the "Youth e-Line, Contributing to Rural Areas" Nanjing Youth E-commerce Agriculture Assistance Training Camp, organizing 662 college students and young "new farmers" to go to beautiful countryside to learn skills on the spot.

Development Promotion: Two-wheel Drive of Industry and Employment to Build a Long-term Income Increase Mechanism

The core goal is to let low-income groups be deeply embedded in the regional industrial development system, achieve stable income increase and long-term poverty alleviation, and fundamentally prevent the risk of return to poverty. Core implementation subjects are the District Party Committee and District Government, Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, towns, sub-districts, villages, cooperatives, leading enterprises, first secretaries stationed in villages.

1. Industrial embedding to drive low-income groups to share dividends
Relying on industries such as crabs, organic rice and cultural tourism, through models such as "cooperative + farmer" and "leading enterprise + base + farmer", give priority to absorbing low-income farmers to participate in industrial development, and let low-income groups share industrial development dividends through land shareholding, order agriculture, employment and protective price acquisition.

2. Employment assistance to broaden stable income channels
Build online and offline employment service platforms. In 2024, 277 job fairs were held around leading industries to accurately push employment posts; develop rural public welfare posts such as cleaning, green protection, river channel inspection and scenic spot services, give priority to arranging poverty alleviation labor force and people with employment difficulties to work, realizing employment at home.

3. Financial support to solve the problem of capital shortage
Launch financial products such as poverty alleviation micro-credit and agriculture-benefiting credit, providing mortgage-free and low-interest credit support for low-income farmers with development willingness and entrepreneurship ability, solving the capital problem of their production and operation; guide the development of characteristic agricultural product insurance, provide premium subsidies, reduce the risk of farmers' production and operation, and ensure their stable income increase.

Dynamic Monitoring: Improve the Dynamic Monitoring and Assistance Mechanism for Preventing Return to Poverty to Keep the Bottom Line of No Large-scale Return to Poverty

The core goal is to achieve early detection, early intervention and early assistance for the risk of return to poverty and poverty. Core implementation subjects are the District Rural Revitalization Bureau, Civil Affairs Bureau, Medical Insurance Bureau, towns, sub-districts and villages.
Establish a normalized dynamic monitoring mechanism for preventing return to poverty, carry out normalized monitoring and investigation on unstable poverty alleviation households, marginal poverty-prone households, and groups with living difficulties caused by illness, disaster or accident, and accurately identify the risk of return to poverty and poverty. In response to the poverty-causing risks of monitoring objects, implement precise assistance measures of "one household, one policy". According to the type of risk, implement assistance policies such as medical assistance, employment assistance, industrial support and subsistence allowances, timely eliminate the risk of return to poverty and poverty, and achieve dynamic clearing.

(IV) Project Effectiveness

The effectiveness of Gaochun District's assistance system reform is mainly reflected in the following five aspects: first, the problem of poverty due to illness has been curbed, the multi-level medical security system and social assistance system are precise and efficient, and a solid livelihood bottom line has been built; second, the skill level of rural labor force has been significantly improved, and whole-chain training has promoted their transformation from "living by physical strength" to "increasing income by skills", with enhanced endogenous motivation; third, a long-term income increase mechanism for low-income groups has been fully established, achieving stable income growth through the two-wheel drive of industry and employment, firmly keeping the bottom line of no large-scale return to poverty; fourth, the grassroots assistance service capacity has been comprehensively improved, the three-level assistance system has opened up the "last mile" of policy implementation, realizing the transformation from "people looking for policies" to "policies looking for people"; fifth, promoting the effective connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, building a long-term governance mechanism for relative poverty, and laying a solid foundation for promoting common prosperity.

(V) Experience and Enlightenment

The core of building a long-term assistance system for relative poverty is to carry out classified targeted intervention on poverty-causing problems based on the logic of precise policy implementation, and coordinate bottom-holding security and capacity cultivation at the same time, realizing the combination of external assistance blood transfusion and endogenous development hematopoiesis, and fundamentally improving the core ability of difficult groups to develop independently.
To improve a sustainable assistance operation mode, it is necessary to build an integrated linkage mechanism of multi-department collaboration and connectivity, efficiently integrate various assistance resources; at the same time, establish a normalized dynamic monitoring and pre-intervention mechanism to achieve early detection and early disposal of risks, and build a solid bottom line for preventing return to poverty through full-cycle closed-loop management.

V. Summary of Gaochun's Poverty Alleviation Experience

Gaochun's poverty alleviation practice is the concrete implementation of China's targeted poverty alleviation strategy in marginal ecologically constrained areas of the eastern metropolitan area, and a complete county governance sample formed for compound poverty problems such as geographical marginalization, restricted industrial development and prominent individual poverty-causing risks. Among the four major poverty alleviation areas, transportation infrastructure construction is the pilot project of Gaochun's poverty alleviation. By opening up external channels and improving internal road networks, it has fundamentally broken the constraint of geographical marginalization; the crab breeding industry is an important pillar of Gaochun's poverty alleviation, covering more than 100,000 farmers in the district and directly driving a large number of low-income groups to increase income stably; the cultural tourism industry is an emerging growth point, driving regional development through the "International Slow City" brand and providing a transformation path for hollow villages and weak villages; the diversified assistance system is the bottom guarantee, building a solid line of defense for preventing return to poverty through the whole-chain mechanism of "basic security, empowerment and development". The four areas are not developed in isolation, but form a close synergistic effect through the echelon connection of infrastructure first, industry driving and security bottom-holding.

Based on the "5W1H+" analysis framework, after dismantling the four poverty alleviation sectors of Gaochun's transportation infrastructure, characteristic industries, agricultural-cultural-tourism integration and diversified bottom-holding security in the whole chain, four core poverty alleviation experiences can be extracted.

1. Follow the logic of time sequence progression and implement poverty alleviation governance in stages and precisely
First of all, from the perspective of When, compound poverty governance must respect the law of development, promote in stages and with priorities, and avoid one-size-fits-all and campaign-style policy implementation. Faced with poverty caused by the superposition of geographical, industrial and livelihood factors, Gaochun did not adopt a single measure for short-term breakthrough, but made efforts in echelons according to different stages. First, focus on breaking development bottlenecks, prioritize transportation infrastructure construction, open up internal and external connection channels, and lay a foundation for industrial landing and factor flow; then focus on cultivating income-increasing momentum, concentrate resources to build characteristic advantageous industries, and promote stable employment and income increase of low-income groups; finally focus on preventing the risk of return to poverty, improve long-term security and monitoring intervention mechanisms. The multi-stages are connected and progressive, forming a closed-loop and sustainable poverty alleviation implementation path.

2. Clarify the rights and responsibilities of multi-party subjects and build a collaborative and efficient governance system
From the perspective of Who, poverty alleviation involves multiple subjects such as government, market, grassroots organizations and farmers. Only by clarifying their respective positioning and responsibilities can resource dispersion, insufficient efficiency or subject absence be avoided. In practice, Gaochun reasonably divides the functions of all parties according to the attributes of different fields. In public service fields such as transportation construction and bottom-holding security, the district-level government is responsible for overall planning and fund guarantee, departments are responsible for industry supervision, and towns, sub-districts and villages are responsible for grassroots implementation, forming an efficient implementation system; in market-oriented fields such as characteristic industrial development, the government focuses on policy guidance and environment creation, leading enterprises and cooperatives are responsible for production organization and market operation, village collectives are responsible for resource integration, and farmers participate in production and operation as the main body. Multiple subjects perform their respective duties and collaborate, realizing the precise delivery and efficient utilization of poverty alleviation resources.

3. Focus on the benefit connection mechanism and let the broad masses share the fruits of development
From the perspective of What, the core goal of poverty alleviation is not only to develop industries, but also to build an income model that can widely benefit low-income groups and avoid disconnection between development and poverty alleviation. In response to the problems of scattered operation of small farmers, weak risk resistance and difficulty in sharing industrial value-added income, Gaochun takes professional cooperatives as the link, integrates scattered farmers and scattered resources, and implements an organized model of unified production, unified management and unified sales. On this basis, innovatively build a diversified income mechanism of "rent + salary + dividend", so that farmers can be deeply embedded in the industrial chain through land transfer, local employment and shareholding dividends, truly become participants and beneficiaries of industrial development, and solve the problem of unsynchronized industrial efficiency and mass income increase.

4. Base on local resource endowments and take an endogenous development path adapted to local conditions
Sustainable poverty alleviation cannot rely on external blood transfusion, nor can it simply copy the models of other regions. It must rely on its own conditions to take a differentiated development path. Abandoning the conventional path of simply copying industrialization and urbanization, Gaochun bases on its own agricultural foundation and breeding tradition, focuses on characteristic advantageous industries such as crabs to build a whole industrial chain, and expands new formats such as rural cultural tourism at the same time, providing transformation space for weak villages and hollow villages. This development method based on reality and precise positioning not only avoids industrial homogenization competition, but also cultivates stable and reliable endogenous power, providing important enlightenment for marginal areas with different resource conditions around the world: finding their own comparative advantages can take a poverty alleviation and development path in line with local reality.

In summary, Gaochun's poverty alleviation practice is the successful implementation of China's targeted poverty alleviation strategy in marginal ecologically constrained areas of the eastern metropolitan area. Through the whole-chain dismantling of the "5W1H+" framework, it can be seen that the core of its success is not relying on the one-way injection of external resources, but based on local geographical and resource endowments, accurately solving the core poverty-causing problems such as geographical isolation, weak industries and limited development of small farmers, realizing the leap from development periphery to common prosperity frontier through echelon-connected poverty alleviation paths, clear collaborative governance mechanism of rights and responsibilities, and stable and shared benefit connection mode.

This practice has direct reference significance for other marginal areas within developed regions in China: even in economically developed regions, marginal areas may still fall into relative poverty due to geographical marginalization and industrial simplification, but through the three-pronged approach of transportation pilot, industrial organization and social security bottom-holding, it is entirely possible to realize the leap from "geographical periphery" to "development frontier". Gaochun's poverty alleviation idea of basing on local reality, precise policy implementation and co-construction and sharing not only provides practical reference for Chinese counties to solve relative poverty and promote rural revitalization, but also contributes referable Chinese wisdom and practical experience for similar regions around the world to solve development dilemmas and achieve sustainable poverty alleviation.

Acknowledgments:

We extend our sincere gratitude to the following organizations for their invaluable support and assistance during our research:Tsinghua University Rural Revitalization (Gaochun) Workstation、Gaochun District Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau、Gaochun Ceramics Museum、Gaochun Museum、Gaochun Old Street Historical and Cultural Scenic Area、Gaochun Intangible Cultural Heritage Exhibition Hall、 Gaochun District Xiangsheng Feather Fan Exhibition and Sales Center、Shuangyou Village Farmers' Entrepreneurship Park、Youzishan Homestay、Chinese Mitten Crab Museum、 Gaochun International Cittaslow、Zhensongyunju Homestay and Lanxi Village

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